This test includes/reviews some very straightforward material about the structure of the Earth (crust/lithosphere, mantle, core, tectonic plates, subduction)

But also, we spent time on the questions of How does science work? A classic examples of that is the story of Charles Darwin. Read over your notes about Darwin and be familiar with him. What was his background, where did he go, what was his big idea? (Darwin, HMS Beagle, A.R. Wallace, "Origin of Species 1859", Darwin's Big Idea: Natural Selection, "Survival of the Fittest" as Herbert Spencer called it. That is: -- 1. species vary; 2. too many offspring leads to a struggle for survival; 3. survivors reproduce --

When Darwin's ideas were applied to biology and medicine we began to make tremendous progress in understanding how those subjects worked, but when Darwin's ideas were applied to other areas of human life such as politics, then we wound up with Communists and Nazis. Poor Darwin! He never was interested in politics and had no idea where his ideas would go. Even in countries where people did not follow this kind of political radical view, there was still application of Darwinian survival ideas.
In older days religious arguments were commonly used to justify racism, slavery and other social situations, but when religion became less important, then "Natural Selection" was used to justify the view that some people are better than others." This was often called Social Darwinism" The end result: the "Tuskegee Study" that we described in class.

the theory of Natural Selection . Darwin's ideas do not include any opinions about why or how life started. They only refer to the mechanism by which different forms of animals and plants developed over long periods of time. Biologists have long since decided that Darwin's views (as modified by newer knowledge, of course) are highly reliable

We considered some ideas in Ecology (Greek: oikos = home, "Ecology" = study of living things in the place where they live, their home.) energy flow, the 90% Rule (biopyramid or food pyramid or energy pyramid), primary, secondary, top consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer, and Biomes including tundra, conifer forest, temperate forest, grassland, desert, tropical or rain forest and a few facts about each of them. (these are discussed in detail in Chapter 5 of the text)

And of course, photosynthesis, glucose and our photosynthesis equation are definitely on this list

When we were approaching the idea of Evolution and Natural Selection we spent some time on several other earlier scientists who preceded Darwin. Brush up on some of the guys we mentioned in class -- Galileo,  Wallace, Hutton, Smith, Ussher, Lyell  (science guys) and Linne and Buffon as we discussed in class.

Chapter 4

We will begin some of the basic ideas in population on our last lecture before the test, so SOME of the following material will be included. This file will be modified to only include the parts we did in class.

TENTATIVE:
Review the J curve on page 77. The ideas of overshoot, dieback and carrying capacity.... potential carrying capacity on the Earth of 1 or 2 billion, or is it 40 billion? Carrying Capacity What does the J curve say about human civilization?

Check figure 4.2 and 4.4

CBR and CDR (see pages 81 -83). What is a reasonable number to have for CBR or CDR in a normal, average community? - what is the CBR for an MDC or LDC, for a rich country or a poor country? Rule of 70 - We used the CBR and CDR to calculate doubling time for CBR or CDR, so you should be able to do that...

We drew the "J" curve in class... it is on page 76-7 of your text. Be familiar with this. Especially, two numbers: 1) the total population of the Earth now (6.6 billion = 6600 million) and 2) the population of the USA - 300 million. What % of the world is Americans? We also considered that some countries were rapidly expanding their populations and others decreasing... what are some of the most highly populated countries? Which are losing population?

We Probably WON'T Get to This Before the TEST: so these probably won't be included

Age structure as we saw in examples in class (probably Kenya and Austria) - some advantages and disadvantages of population changes...

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The Demographic Transition p 86

The problem we did in class was very much like this...

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